Management science (MS) is the broad interdisciplinary study of problem solving and decision making in human organizations, with strong links to management, economics, business, engineering, consulting, and other fields. It uses various scientific research-based principles, strategies, and analytical methods mathematical modeling, statistics, and numerical algorithms to improve an organization's ability to enact rational and accurate management decisions by arriving at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex decision problems. Management science helps businesses to achieve goals using various scientific methods. The field was initially was outgrowth from applied mathematics, where early challenges were problems relating to optomization of systems which could be modeled linearly, i.e., that is determining the optima (maximum value of profit, assembly line performance, crop yield, bandwidth, etc., or minimum of loss, risk, or costs, etc.) of some objective function. Today, mana