Management science (MS) is the broad interdisciplinary study of problem solving and decision making in human organizations, with strong links to management, economics, business, engineering, consulting, and other fields. It uses various scientific research-based principles, strategies, and analytical methods mathematical modeling, statistics, and numerical algorithms to improve an organization's ability to enact rational and accurate management decisions by arriving at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex decision problems. Management science helps businesses to achieve goals using various scientific methods. The field was initially was outgrowth from applied mathematics, where early challenges were problems relating to optomization of systems which could be modeled linearly, i.e., that is determining the optima (maximum value of profit, assembly line performance, crop yield, bandwidth, etc., or minimum of loss, risk, or costs, etc.) of some objective function. Today, mana...

 Algebra is one of the broad areas of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry, and analysis. In the most general form, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics. It includes everything from elementary equation solving to the study of abstractions such as groups, rings, and fields. The more basic part of algebra are called elementary algebra; the more abstract parts are called abstract algebra or modern algebra. Elementary algebra is generally considered to be essential for any study of mathematics, science or engineering, as well as such applications as medicine and economics. Abstract algebra is a major area in advanced mathematics, studied primarily by professional mathematicians. Elementary algebra differs from arithmetic in the use of abstractions, such as using letters to stand for numbers that are either unknown or allowed to take many values. For example, in x + 2...