The Reformation was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church in particular to papal authority, arising from what was perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church. The Reformation was the start of Protestantism and the split of the Western Church into Protestantism and what is now the Roman Catholic Church. It is also considered to be one of the events that signify the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe. Movements have been made towards a Reformation prior to Martin Luther, so some Protestants, such as Landmark Baptists, and the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation. Luther began criticizing the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation developed further to inc...

 Theological Anthropology or Christian Anthropology is the study of the human (anthropos) as it relates to God. It differs from the social science of anthropology, which primarily deals with the comparative study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity across times and places. One aspect studies the innate nature or constitution of the human, known as the nature of humankind . It is concerned with the relationship between notions such as body, soul, and spirit which together form a person, based on their descriptions in the Bible. There are three traditional views of the human constitution -- trichotomism, dichotomism, and monism (in the sense of anthropology). The reference source for Gregory of Nyssa's anthropology is his treatise De opificio hominis. His concept of man is founded on the ontological distinction between the created and uncreated. Man is a material creation, thus limited, but infinite in that his immortal soul has an indefinite capacity to grow close...