Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:  I = V / R where I is the current through the conductor, V is the voltage measured across the conductor, and R is the resistance of the conductor. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current. If the resistance is not constant, the previous equation cannot be called Ohm's law, but it can still be used as a definition of static / DC resistance. Ohm's law is an emperical relation which accurately describes the conductivity of the vast majority of electically conducive materials over many orders of magnitude of current. However, some materials do not obey Ohm's law; these are called non-ohmic. The law was named after the German physicist...

 In law, fraud is intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprieve a victim of a legal right. Fraud can violate civil law (i.e., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud or recover monetary comoensation) or criminal law (e.g., a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by government authorities), or it may cause no loss of money, property, or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong. The purpose of fraud may be monetary gain or other benefits, for example, by obtaining a passport, travel document, driver's license, or mortgage fraud, where the perpetrator may attempt to qualify for mortgage by way of false statements. Internal fraud, also known as "insider fraud," is fraud committed or attempted by someone within an organization such as an employee. A hoax is a distinct concept that involves deliberate deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving a victi...

 Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It is understood as a uniques process involving both political and legal elements. In Europe and Latin America, impeachment tends to be confined with ministerial officials as the unique nature of their positions may place ministers beyond the reach of the law to prosecute, or their misconduct is not codified into law as an offense except through the unique expectations of their high office. Both "peers and commoners" have been subject to the process, however. From 1990 to 2020, there have been at least 272 impeachment charges against 132 different heads of state in 63 countries. Most democracies (with the notable exception of the United States) involve the courts (often a national constitutionsl court) in some way. In Latin America, which includes almost 40% of the world's presidential systems, ten presidents from six co...