Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta,  is a royal charter of rights issued by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on June 15, 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Baron's War. After John's death, the regency government of young son, Henry III, reissued the document 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty ag...

 A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a state or formal monetary union, and oversees their commercial banking system. It contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base. Most central banks also have supervisory and regulatory powers to ensure the stability of member institutions, to prevent bank runs, and to discourage reckless or fraudulent behavior from member banks. Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies exists. Functions of a central bank include: Monetary policy: by setting the interest rate and controlling the money supply; Financial stability: acting as a government's banker and as the banker's bank ("lender of last resort"); Reserve manafement: managing a country's foreign-exchange and gold reserves and...