Magna Carta

 Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta,  is a royal charter of rights issued by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on June 15, 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Baron's War.

After John's death, the regency government of young son, Henry III, reissued the document 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name "Magna Carta," to distinguish  it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time. Short of Funds, Henry reissued the charter in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes. His son, Edward I, repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England's statute law. The charter became part part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn, although as time went by and the fledging Parliament of England passes new laws, it lost some of its practical significance.

At the end of the 16th century, there was an usurge in interest in the Magna Carta. Lawyers and historians at that time believed that there was an ancient English constitution, going back to the days of Anglo-Saxons, that protected individual English freedoms. They argued that the Norman invasion of 1066 had overthrown these rights, and that Magna Carta had been the popular attempt to restore them,making the charter an essential foundation for the contemporary powers of Parliament and legal principles like habeas corpus. Although this historical account was badly flawed, jurists such as Sir Edward Coke used Magna Carta extensively in the early 17th century, arguing against the divine rights of kings. Both James I and his son Charles I attempted to supptess the discussion of the Magna Carta. The political myth of Magna Carta and its protection of ancient personal liberties persisted after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 until well into the 19th century. It influenced the early American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies and the formation of the United States Constitution, which became the supreme law of the land in the new republic of the United States. Research by Victorian historians showed that the original 1215 charter had concerned the medieval relationship between the monarch and the barons, rather than the rights of ordinary people, but the charter remained a powerful, iconic document, even after almost all of its content was repealed from the statute books in the 19th and 20th centuries. Three clauses (1, 9, and 29) remain in force in England and Wales.

Magna Carta still forms an important symbol of liberty today, often cited by politicians and campaigners, and is held in great respect by the British and American legal communities, Lord Denning describing it as "the greatest constitutional document of all time - the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot." In the 20th century, four exemplications of the original 1215 charter remain in existence, two at the British Library, one in Lincoln Castle, and one at Salisbury Cathedral. There are also a handful of the subsequent charters in public and private ownership, including copies of the 1297 charter in both the United States and Australia. Although scholars refer to the 63 numbered "clauses" of Magna Carta, this is a modern system of numbering, introduced by Sir William Blackstone in 1759; the original charter formed a single, long unbroken text. The four original 1215 charters were displayed together at the British Library for one day, February 3, 2015, to mark the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta.

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