Possibly originating with Greek philosopher Epicurus, Hume summarizes Epicarus' version of the problem of evil as follows: "Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then from whence comes evil?" The logical problem from evil is as follows: P1. If an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient god exists, then evil does not. P2. There is evil in the world. C1. Therefore, an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient god does not exist. This argument is in the form modus tollens: If the premise (P1) is true, the conclusion (C1) follows of necessity. To show that the first premise is plausible, subsequent versions tend to expand it, such as this modern example: P1a. God exists. P1b. God is omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient. P1c. An omnipotent being has the power to prevent that evil from coming into existence. P1d.  An omnibenevolent being would want to p...

 A broad concept of evil defines it as any and all pain and suffering, yet according to John Kemp, evil cannot be correctly understood on "a simple hedonic scale on which pleasure appears as a plus, and pain as a minus." According to the National Institute of Medicine, pain is essential to survival: "Without pain, the world would be an impossibly dangerous place." Marcus Singer says that a usable definition of evil must be based on the knowledge that: "If something is really evil, it can't be necessary, and if it is really necessary, it can't be evil." The narrow concept of evil involves moral condemnation, and is applicable only to moral agents capable of making independent decisions, and their actions. Philosopher Eve Gerrard suggests that evil does not describe ordinary wrongdoing, and that "there is a qualitative and not merely a quantitative difference between evil acts and other wrongful ones; evil acts are not just very bad or wrongful ...

 The Problem of Evil is the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God. The best known presentation of the problem is attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus which was popularized by David Hume. Besides the philosophy of religion, the problem of evil is also important in the fields of theology and ethics. There are also many discussions of evil and associated problems in other philosophical fields, such as secular ethics, and evolutionary ethics. But as usually understood, the problem of evil is posed in a theological context. Responses to the problem of evil have traditionally been discussed under the heading of theodicy. These responds to the problem in three forms: refutations, defenses, and theodicies. A wide range of responses have been made against these arguments. The problem of evil is often formulated in two forms: the logical problem of evil and the evidential problem of evil. The logical fo...

 The French Revolution refers to the period that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended in November 1799 with the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of Western liberal democracy. Between 1700 and 1789, the French population increased from 18 million to 26 million, leading to large numbers unemployed, accompanied by sharp increases in food prices caused by years of bad harvests. Widespread social distress led to the convocation the Estates General in May 1789, the first since 1614. In June, the Estates were converted into a National Assembly, which passed a series of radical measures, among them the abolition of feudalism, state control of the Catholic Church  and extending the right to vote. The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic recession and social unrest. External powers like Austria, Britain, and Prussia viewed the Revolution as a threat, leading to...

 The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current Archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned in the Canterbury Cathedral on March 21, 2013. Welby is 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "apostle to the English," sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams. From the time of Augustine until the 16th century, the archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the See of Rome and usually received the pallium from the pope. During the reign of King Henry VIII, the Church of England broke away from the authority of the pope. Thomas Cranmer became the first holder of the office  following the English Reformation in 1533, while Reginald Pole was the last Roman Catholic in the position, serving from 1556 to 1558 during the Counter-Reformation. ...

 A double dissolution is a procedure permitted under the Australian Constitution to resolve deadlocks in the bicameral Parliament of Australia between the House of Representatives (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). A double dissolution is tye only circumstance in which the entire Senate can be dissolve. Similar to the United States Congress, but unlike the British Parliament, Australia's two parliamentary houses generally have almost equal legislative power (the Senate cannot amend, although may reject outright, appropriation [money] bills, which must originate in the House of Representatives). Governments, which are formed in the House of Representatives, can be frustrated by a Senate determined to reject their legislation. If the conditions (called a trigger) are satisfied, the Prime Minister can advise the Governor-General to dissolve both houses of Parliament and call a full election. If, after the election, the legislation that triggered the double dissolution is stil...

 Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms") commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter") is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on June 15, 1215. First drafted by Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through the council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War. After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, i...